The Traveller Gypsies Book Review English Language Essay

The Traveller Gypsies Book Review English Language Essay Judith Oakley is a social anthropologist who has spent a lot of her life researching into many aspects of native life forms; one of the most popular pieces of work was her work conducted around Traveller-Gypsies. Oakley wrote her book Gypsy-Travellers and published it in 1983; it represents the everyday life of Gypsy-Travellers and their struggle under the domination of a bigger society. The study conducted by Oakley occurred in the 1960s around England and understandings of Gypsy-Travellers throughout history have provided us with the ideology that they have always been vagrant people travelling freely. However, in this book, Oakley noted how Gypsy-Travellers living in Britain in the 1960s had to deal with numerous laws imposed by governments that would restrict their mobility and vanquish them from their true identity. Oakley is in constant teaching mode, and is always on the lookout for something new to write about the Gypsy-Travellers, something that was unknown to the public. One problem that has always affected the studies of Gypsies would be the definition of what a gypsy actually is; while some believe it to be thought of in terms of purity of blood, others would regard it as social population, rather than an ethnic marvel, which should be such dealt with using social manners. One definition of a Gypsy would be One inclined to a nomadic, unconventional way of life. (TheFreeDictionary, 2012). These people are the Gypsies that Okelys book refers to, and her outlook in regards to their identity underlies much of her approach to the subject; it is a common theme throughout the book, and one is left realising, that the author never presents a clear definition of what a  Gypsy  actually is, how the meaning of the word has changed over time, with new laws and regulations being put in place and holding these people back, and how they are seen in todays society. While this seems to be the main weakness of the text, Oakley does include how Gypsies live and s hows how Gorgios are perceived and acted upon and against, including how Gypsies compare themselves to Gorgios within the community. Oakleys text starts by her introducing herself and what she was doing at the time she wrote the book, using things she learned from other people; for example, she found that to some people pierced ears were the only way to get to heaven, which was further believed to improve vision for Traveller-Gypsies, as she found out when questioning some of the people she lived with. Oakley uses numerous lists to show which people helped her make her book happen; thanking many people on the way, listing who gave her advice, who proof-read the book and who composed the final drafts to send off for publishing. She thanks the newspapers for allowing her to use their content as a regard to keep anonymity between those she was living with. Finally, she thanks the Traveller-Gypsies she was living with for being her guides and providing her with friendship and laughter. This all adds up to show how much she appreciates the work of other people when trying to get her own work together; it shows she has faith in the team of people she worked with and how she would trust them to help make her work successful. The table of contents seems to show the author as writing the book chronologically; from writing about what was historically believed, to self-ascribing themselves to be a Traveller-Gypsy. It finalises by listing how Gypsies travel, in what and with whom; before writing about relationships and defining the role of the traveller women. Additionally, it lists terms Oakley used, which she came across when in the company of the traveller-gypsies, at the end of the book for readers ease of understanding their language. In personal opinion, chronologically ordering the table of contents seems to be a practical form of organisation as it shows how things have progressed throughout time, including any historical changes through research and the development of greater understandings. Furthermore, it allows for the reader to have a greater impression of how the people in the text live, what their means of transport is and how it has changed, and why these people live in the way that they do (b e it economic reasons or political). Oakleys study is divided into twelve chapters and a conclusion, which appears to be written in a well-structured way. The first chapter addresses the history of Gypsy studies and invites popular misconceptions to be looked upon in a formal manner; this continues to be looked into in chapter two. Chapter three shows an insight into how Oakley planned to conduct her research and includes material that was proven to be valuable at the time of her study. Next, chapter four narrates the place of the British Gypsy within the economic system and includes non-Gypsy alliances with work contracts. Identity issues are further raised in chapter five, where self-ascription is discussed in detail. Chapter six entails dealings with maintenance of the boundaries between Gypsy and non-Gypsy, or Gorgio; this same chapter also deals with the concept of things considered as ritually impure, which would usually be associated with Gorgios and their way of life further looked upon in chapter eleven. Chapt er seven offers realistic pictures of the attitudes presented to Gypsies, including their way of life and means of livelihood, from Gorgios; further, it shows the ways Gorgios deal with providing the populations accommodation. Chapter eight shows Oakley dealing with both the reality and myth of Gypsies as Traveller kind, and points out from the start that Gypsies do not travel about aimlessly, as either the romantics or the anti-Gypsy suggest (p. 125). Chapters nine and ten show how marriage, kinship, husband-wife relationships and children are dealt with, including how a marriage is chosen and why. The eleventh chapter had explored the role of women in a British Romany society and includes a detailed discussion of the differences between Gypsy and Gorgio women, including stereotypes. The final chapter, chapter twelve, deals with death, superstition and religion; however, these are not discussed in great depth further analysis of these would have allowed the reader a greater unders tanding when looking into how these things affect a Gypsies lifestyle. In her concluding remarks, Oakley notes how she can not necessarily conclude her chapter as she did not initially make a hypothesis. She relates to how gypsies are seen as trouble as they are kinds who refuse to settle and work for a living, unlike those who are already inhabited in an area do; they refuse to become proletarianised within the community. It also states how although they travel, Traveller-Gypsies do give a community something they could not otherwise get without their aid, whether that is positive for the community or negative. Further, she states how differentiating between gypsy and Gorgio is not always easy, but the gypsy culture has not always been accepted, as it may be led to be believed. The study was also a way to measure how gypsies deal with the way society treats them by shunning them; it records the responses and retaliations of Traveller-Gypsies. A lot of gypsies would refuse Gorgio access to their lives, yet it is needed in order for them to gain a good n ame and understanding of what they do; without this they would be continually forced out of societies and would never have the possibility of being accepted into particular societies. The concluding remarks in this book encloses a statement which seems to be of importance; Outsiders have projected onto Gypsies their own repressed fantasies and longings for disorder . . . this study has confronted such fantasies (1983, p.232). From what has been read in her book, Oakley uses herself as the narrator of the text, she writes about what she found as and when it happened; using any information she received and where it originated from. Additionally, the text written in the book has historical facts about the Traveller-Gypsies and how they have come to be the people they are; yet Oakley not only includes personal opinions on the matters, but personal experiences she has lived through whilst living within the Gypsy community. This gives the reader an understanding of what was happening at the time of the study as they are able to empathise, not only with Oakley, but with the Traveller-Gypsies as they dealt with any struggles they faced. Oakley uses present tense within her writing with phrases such as it is presumed (p. 52) rather than the past tense it was; this gives the reader to believe the books authenticity as it allows for both periods of time and shows comparisons between the two. In regards to the writin g style, it would most likely be suited for collegial or university students, or in particular those more advanced in this field of study, as the writing seems formal yet it contains academic information that may prove a challenge to those looking onto the subject from a less-educated point of view. For example, the way parts of the text have been written; in some parts, Oakley has referred to previous studies, a lot of them her own work, which may be identified as confusing for a student at any lower level of education, as they may be unable to understand parts of the text through the amount of referencing that is place. The author has a distinctive personal style, it is formal, yet informal; Oakley uses evidence in her statements then puts up an opinionated argument against what she says, which additionally helps the reader understand what is being said. With her interpreting the gypsy lifestyle, Oakley tends to use their jargon in her work, for example, using Gorgios to show a non-gypsy person in the gypsy life, of which are defined and listed in the back of the book. Any accounts that are included in the book are based on personal visits to the community, therefore there may be misinterpretations within what has been said as a communication breakdown may have occurred; further, Oakley may be using bias information when trying to put a point across as there were no other researchers to object to her motives. This doesnt help with the fact that she may not be putting up a believable argument, which seems to be one of the main criticisms against this text with their only being Oakley to refer to. How ever, with this being said, her text does include references to previous works from both herself and other former anthropologists in which she has used to back up some of her sources. Her studied natives were collectively anonymous in her work; however, she does use some forms of individuality. She uses one person rather than names as the people wishes to remain anonymous, which she accepted; phrases of which the people would want to be called are used, i.e. one traveller said, rather than a person told me. It does come across as the travellers she was living with have their own voice in the ethnography; she introduces them before using their quotes, giving the reader a sense of character; however, found in the notes are individual names of the Travellers she lives with and what wise words; they gave her to help her live within the community once she was accepted. This gives a greater sense of character for the individuals as although they were not specifically named in the text, they did have an involvement at the end of the book. Overall Oakley had provided a positive piece of text, with the main criticism being that her argument was not necessarily defined; her own personal meaning of what a Traveller-Gypsy was had never been noted thus it was unable to be validated in todays society as definitions have further changed since her period of study. Suitably, this text is informative and gives vital information upon how Traveller-Gypsies used to live previous to any laws and regulations stopping them performing certain tasks within a community. Word Count: 2,006

Poe vs. Dickens

Poe vs. Dickens (Battle of Authors) Edgar Allen Poe has a better way of describing his emotions on to paper, his tone is dark and depressing yet gives into a little anger here and there. Charles Dickens has also dark and emotional stories growing up poor he must have a few little glimpses of pain but he became wealthy in time. Poe was born wealthy and became poor as he grew older, and if that was not enough sadness, every loved one he had died most of tuberculosis so he drank and wrote stories to cope with the pain of being alone and loveless.Poe always introduced his characters as the ones with murderous intent and seeking revenge against a person who maybe insulted the m in a way. Dickens starts his stories with characters but his characters weren’t â€Å"Insane† they were normal going about their lives, Poe’s stories always had an amazing plot and a killer with some thrills, horrifying thoughts, and vivid pictures that he painted with his words.Some stories ha d characters who learned their lessons and became a better person, they get second chances in Charles’ stories yet in Poe’s if you treat the main character wrong, you will most likely die, I am referring to â€Å"The Cask of Amontillado†. Dickens has mostly emotional tones that end with happiness and rainbows, Poe had almost no happy stories, his tone was anger, confusion, sadness, betrayal, and mysterious, such as in the book â€Å"The Tell Tale Heart†.Poe wrote about murder often that mostly gave off the feeling of fear you could feel every last word echo inside you as he continued to describe in great detail murders that came from his own mind, I haven’t read any Dickens’ books like that. Dickens’ stories have a great deal of foreshadowing in them, he always had kept the audience guessing what was going to happen next, Poe also used foreshadowing ,his story â€Å"The Raven†. â€Å"Tapping at my chamber door; Only this and n othing more (Stanza 1 line 5/6)†. Dickens mostly used the theme of lessons, you do something wrong, learn lesson, problem fixed.Comparing Poe to Dickens is like comparing a graveyard to a hospital, sure they have a few similarities but it’s missing something, Poe’s lesson was don’t mess with people, if you hurt someone you will hurt right back, or to put it in simple terms equivalent exchange. Dickens was a great author but compared to Poe his books should be read in a preschools, Edgar Allen Poe was ahead of his time, his imagination dared to reach into the darkest depths of his mind, he brought nightmares to life and completely changed the meaning of sadness, I believe Poe was one of the greatest authors of all time.

Find Out Whos Discussing Social Issues List for Students and Why You Need to Be Worried

Find Out Who's Discussing Social Issues List for Students and Why You Need to Be Worried The Fundamentals of Social Issues List for Students Revealed It's accountable for greater prevalence of social tension. To lessen the dropout rate for students with learning and attention problems, schools will need to concentrate on improving school climate along with addressing instructional needs. The absolute most frequent alcohol related deaths are from automobile accidents and suicide. Throughout the life program, there are social problems connected with various ages. The social issues research papers may appear easy to write in comparison with different topics, but still it demands an extremely creative strategy, a tremendous quantity of curiosity and capability to think beyond the box and search data in unconventional sources. Below are a few suggestions about how to boost your social wellness. Scheduling follow-up talks may give students an opportunity to go back to topics and as k thoughtful questions. Some are categorized beneath a list of social justice troubles. The list might go on and it's not a all-inclusive list. If you decide to deal with some or each of these issues in your classroom, the next section provides some suggestions for doing it effectively. A lot of the modern day problems that have hit conventional media along with social media headlines incorporate a list of social justice problems that you're able to find at our essay writing services. Social Issues List for Students Help! The school has received a good deal of negative backlash on account of the controversy. Therefore, the government has contemplated legislation that would lower the amount of folks holding guns to lessen crime and other bad vices. Political cartoons are many times utilized. Education has become the most powerful weapon that you can utilize to modify the world Nelson Mandela. Social Issues List for Students Options Besides teen pregnancy, there are a huge number of important identi fied social issues in the USA today. Child labour as a worldwide concern was raised on international platforms also. As a consequence, social issues can be raised by the unequal distribution of funding between public schools, like that seen in the United States of america. The political problems are among the significant challenges in Nigeria. The Fundamentals of Social Issues List for Students Revealed Alas, several of the role models of young individuals are setting bad examples. The films are genuinely stunning. These websites are all excellent examples of social media sites that seniors can utilize to connect with other individuals. Even young students may use photography and video for social shift. It is very important to highlight a few of these issues that students could be requested to write on by their professors. Students will obtain an appreciation of the range of psychology and the way it's pertinent to today's social difficulties. They are increasingly droppi ng out of college because they cannot afford the expense. Some students might be well versed in English while others might not. Whispered Social Issues List for Students Secrets In years past your high school senior could graduate and go work at the neighborhood factory for the remainder of their life and create a great living. Why your video game skills ought to get you a nice job. The portion of the process presenting a stumbling block may differ for different kids. Whether you visit a tiny private college or a bigger public university, your voice does matter, and you may make a difference. In addition, candidates can gain more than one mark per point should they expand and go over a point more fully. To put it differently, students may tell something is off if a teacher indicates that it's morally wrong to break a traditional norm, or that it's wrong to hurt someone only because it's against the rules. The Death of Social Issues List for Students Maintaining an optima l amount of social wellness makes it possible for you to develop healthy relationships with other people. Possessing good social wellness is crucial to building emotional resilience. There are several social problems that haunt the education system. It is very important to understand that not all things that happen in society are raised to the degree of social troubles. There are several ways you may start your journey on the route to social wellness. Some can never effect you at all throughout your everyday life. Social wellness also has balancing the special needs of romantic relationships with different elements of your life. Actually, youth today will graduate from college with a number of degrees and still cannot locate work that pays enough to sustain a good way of life. In order to reduce costs and keep product prices down companies are made to outsource manufacturing to other nations. You're cool only in the event you own all the brands. In the event the value of c urrency rises too high, businesses have to reduce their prices to the point at which they can't stay in operation. As you start your route to social wellness, you will discover you have the ability to boost your own personal relationships.

The And Memory Improving Memory Recall - 926 Words

Mnemonics and Memory: Improving Memory Recall Angela Sapir Arapahoe Community College: General Psychology 101-103 12/15/2015 Discovering Psychology describes memory as, â€Å"the mental processes that enable [a person] to retain and retrieve information over time.† When information is brought into the brain, it travels from the sensory memory to the short term memory. If this information is deemed important, it is then encoded and stored. In order to retrieve this information (i.e., memory) a person might need to use a mnemonic. Mnemonics refers to a group of strategies used for memory recall. These devices have been used since the times of Ancient Greece. Most already use mnemonics without even knowing it, while others employ†¦show more content†¦By using the first letter of each word and putting them together to create a new word, the amount of information to remember is reduced and is much easier to recall. If a person wanted to remember the order and names of the colors in a rainbow, they would begin by identifying the first letter of every color name. The rainbow colors are red, orang e, yellow, green, blue, indigo and violet. Using the first letters to form a name, like Roy G. Biv, can help a person to recall this information when needed. An acrostic is, â€Å"a series of lines from which particular letters (such as the first letters of all lines) from a word or phrase† (â€Å"Memory and Mnemonic Devices,† 2013).This phrase can be funny or have personal meaning to the creator as this would also aid in their ability to recall the information. Musicians use acrostic to remember the location of notes on the staff. For example, the lines on a treble clef staff represent the following notes: E, G, B, D, and F. When a person remembers their acrostic, Every Good Boy Does Fine, each word will aid that person in remembering the piece of information it denotes. The method of loci is one of the oldest mnemonics techniques. Developed before writing, this technique was used by the orators of ancient Greece and Rome when they has to recite long, public speeches (Moà ¨ 2005). To use this method, a person would visualize a place, one that

The Deterrence Theory Deterrence And Punishment - 831 Words

Classic Deterrence Theory The deterrence theory was based on the belief that humans control their behavior based on the perceived rewards and punishments that would result from such actions. The theorists believed the severe, certain, and swift punishment was the key to deterrence. A rational person is thought to measure both the gains and losses before committing a crime and would more than likely to be deterred from violating the law, they believed the loss was greater than the gain. Classical philosophers thought that certainty was more efficient in preventing crimes than the severity of punishment. They rejected capital punishment as a practical method for punishing murderers and perpetrators of other serious offenses. The philosophers believed the primary purpose of punishment was deterrence, not vengeance. The deterrence theory relies on three individual components: severity, certainty, and celerity. It is thought severe penalties, , will desist from criminal acts, which thus p revent crime. However, if the sentence believed to be too harsh would be considered unjust. While, punishments not severe enough will not deter convicts from committing wrongdoings Crime and Punishment Deterrence theory expresses that people do not commit crimes because they are afraid of getting caught. According to deterrence theory, people are less likely to committing a crime if the punishment is swift, certain and severe. Therefore, if there is a small likelihood that you ll get caught orShow MoreRelatedThe Theories And Deterrence Of Criminal Punishment2799 Words   |  12 Pageslabeling theorists and deterrence theorists with respect to the utility of criminal punishment. Labeling theorists and deterrence theorists both aim to make conclusions about why people commit crimes and why people continue to commit crimes over and over again. Although they have similar end goals, the labeling theory and the deterrence theory are very different in the approach that they take to get to the end result. Deterrence theorists try to understand how punishment affects someone’s desireRead MoreThe Deterrence Theory Of The Criminal Justice System1368 Words   |  6 PagesThe Deterrence theory is a key element in the Criminal Justice System. It’s principles about justice appeal to us because it adapts to our ideas of what we identify as fairness. Punish the sinful and the ones who break the law, swiftly, to the extent that pain will dissuade them from committing a crime ever again. Its sole purpose, to instill fear. Fear of breaking the law because of its punishments. We not only use this theory to punish criminals, but it is a basis in which we raise our kids andRead MoreDeterrence And Rational Choice Theory777 Words   |  4 Pagesfeel as if the deterrence theory does not work. Due to the fact that crime still happens in the world. This essay will look at the support for the theory. As well as the key problems for the theory. Next, it will explain some of the newest dire ctions in deterrence/rational choice theory. Finally, it will either agree/disagree with someone’s thought on deterrence and how it does not work and is a waste of time to study. Deterrence and rational choice are two different things. Deterrence is used to punishRead MoreJustification And Justification Of The Penal System1171 Words   |  5 PagesPunishment in general can obviously be justified (in the traditional sense of the term) on utilitarian grounds. Nevertheless, usually its justification is not asked for. Because justification of punishment, in general is unnecessary. It is the justification of particular infliction of pain (or punishment) that can be enquired of. As a man can legitimately ask for justification of a particular law of a state. However, nobody enquires of the justification of legal system or of law in general. It isRead MoreGeneral Deterrence And Its Effect On Society1503 Words   |  7 PagesIt is estimated that general deterrence aims at making the offender to think twice before violating the law, because the physical and psychological pain that the offender will get through the action do not equate with the benefits of doing that action. Also, the general deterrence means that amount of penalties impose on the offender will stop others and deter them from committing crimes and prevents others form even thinking to commit the crime. That is because the human psyche is always tendingRead MoreDeterrence And Its Effect On Society845 Words   |  4 Pages Deterrence Joni Montoya South University Online Justice. Deterrence starts in childhood. A parent punishes a child for doing something forbidden and the child learns that doing this thing will have bad consequences. 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The deterrence theory would be a perfect way to keep these young people out of trouble. Deterrence would play a huge role in to getting these young children or teenagers on the right path of their life. If you show them what the consequences would be or even give them real life experience they would be deterred from doing the things they have done in the past. Cesare Beccaria is known as the father of deterrence theory. He suggested that there were three characteristics of punishment that makeRead MoreThe Deterrence Theory By Thomas Hobbes1347 Words   |  6 Pagesalways end up that way for some. Indeed, the Deterrence Theory then comes into play making sure that not only is everyone treated equally but, also making sure that it sees fit that the punishment given is carefully taken into consideration. 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Overpopulation Issue Free Essays

On July 11th, 1987, a baby girl born in Beijing hospital at midnight was what the government of China called â€Å"baby five billion†. Whether or not the infant actually brought the total world population to five billion at that time, no on is certain. What is certain however, is that statistics continue to indicate that the number of people on this earth is increasing at phenomenal speeds. We will write a custom essay sample on Overpopulation Issue or any similar topic only for you Order Now A quarter of a million a day to be exact! The issue of overpopulation is one that is not new to the ears of environmentalist. The dangers, caused by our over indulgence of earth finite resources to satisfy our exponential population growth, are indeed very real. Experts have postulated that at the present rate of growth, the amount of food needed to feed the world†s population will soon outstrip production, resulting to global starvation. Tied closely to overpopulation is the phenomenon of species degeneration. The most successful members of the race are the ones having fewest children. The vast majority of the species population growth is in areas where newly arrive children have a fairly poor chance of having a successful life. ( ‘successful† denoting safety, food, comfort and education) In view of this dilemma the pragmatic Chinese have adopted what is known as the ‘one child policy†, permitting no more than one child per couple. Their intentions were economics and political: to reduce population, raise the average standard of living and thus achieve political stability. The policy has meant 300 million less mouths to feed and has enable China to open up both economically and socially. China is an excellent example of the benefits which are possible in the implementation of the one child policy. Although many pro-life and pro-choice activists may hastily rise to the occasion to argue that the one child policy is a violation of human rights, their arguments are dwarfed by the great advantages the policy can bring to its upholders and their country. Our shamefully blase attitudes towards reproduction dominates our society. This policy however will promote safer sex reducing incidents of, unwanted or teenage pregnancies and cases of sexually transmitted diseases such as AIDS. What will the policy mean for people who desire a son due to ethical background though? Revolutionary genetic technology has enable these couples to choose the sex of their baby making sure it is born free of any detrimental diseases. One healthy child per family, who is extremely loved and wanted and who receives the best food and education will mean that our species can continue to evolve stronger and live on. Time though, is fast running out for our civilisation. Our fragile institutions of hard won freedoms, our legacy from all those who in the past have fought for progress, our freedom of speech, of movement, our systems of welfare and education, our right to form unions and so on, won’t survive once the food supply is outstripped by population growth. Hungry billions will be tempted to take drastic action in order to survive, anything may happen in such an unstable future. If any policy can help prevent such a catastrophe it is one policy certainly worth implementing. How to cite Overpopulation Issue, Papers

Tourism Company Competitive Advantage Over its Rivals

Question: Discuss about the Tourism Company Competitive Advantage Over its Rivals. Answer: Introduction: Tourism is taken as a passion all across the world and the developing industry can affect the growth of other related industries like accommodation, transportation, wildlife, art and entertainment (Char-lee, Becken Watt, 2016). The Australian Tours Company (Asia) Pty Ltd-ATC is a distinguished name in the travel industry of Australia due to the competitive advantage it holds over its rivals which will be highlighted below. ATC is headquartered in Melbourne and is a specialized inbound and outbound tour company (Mao Zhang, 2014). Australia Tours Company is facing a stiff competition from its rivals such as Cox and King, and Australian Wine Tour Company. ATC is the market topper in the tourism service industry comprising of a huge customer base. It is making all effort to maintain utmost customer satisfaction and solving the grievances of individual customers in an effective manner. This helps the company to retain customer and improves customer acquisition. Unlike its rivals, ATC maintains a culture of providing immediate and efficient services for its customers and exhibits substantial product knowledge and best operations skills in the industry. ATC mainly offer reliable and inclusive services all through Australia and Asia with an extensive range of itineraries. ATC provides customized tours for individual business and government group tours. It also helps to arrange educational or management training programs along with site visits. ATC has specialized in training program, business trip, incentive travel and international conference which the rival touring companies are yet to venture upon. ATC delivers tight business schedules and integrate activities like Scuba Diving, Pro Golf Tournaments, Charter fishing and include Australian wineries in its tour package ("Company Profile | Australian Tours Company", 2017). This comes as an added competitive advantage than its rivals. Unlike other rival groups, ATC is offering the students with educational tours to China, Japan and all Asian cities. The tours can be customized based on customer requirements which include their knowledge and contacts of these Asian countries. ATC is a one stop shop which offers complete services and can be accessed online. It offers new travel products and possess an in depth knowledge of both eastern and western culture and business practices which may induce cultural exchange among both the continents (Williams Best, 2014). ATC is way ahead of its competitors in terms of competitive advantage due to these efforts and practices it incorporates. ATC provides admirable experiences which are always cherished by its customers. References: Char-lee, J. M., Becken, S., Watt, M. (2016). Learning through a cluster approach: lessons from the implementation of six Australian tourism business sustainability programs.Journal of Cleaner Production,111, 348-357. Company Profile | Australian Tours Company. (2017). Australiantoursco.com.au. Retrieved 18 January 2017, from https://www.australiantoursco.com.au/company-profile/ Mao, I. Y., Zhang, H. Q. (2014). Structural relationships among destination preference, satisfaction and loyalty in Chinese tourists to Australia.International Journal of Tourism Research,16(2), 201-208. Williams, K. M., Best, G. (2014). Short study tours abroad: Internationalizing business curricula.Journal of Teaching in Travel Tourism,14(3), 240-259.